Redistricting is a deeply political process, with incumbents actively seeking to minimize the risk to themselves (via bipartisan gerrymanders) or to gain additional seats for their party (via partisan gerrymanders).
Presidents are elected not by direct popular vote but by 538 members of the Electoral College.
The increase in straight-ticket party voting in recent years means that competitive congressional races can tip one way or the other depending on the showing of the candidates at the top of the ticket.
Party and ideology routinely trump institutional interests and responsibilities. Regular order - the set of rules, norms and traditions designed to ensure a fair and transparent process - was the first casualty. The results: No serious deliberation. No meaningful oversight of the executive. A culture of corruption.
With the parties at virtual parity and the ideological gulf between them never greater, the stakes of majority control of Congress are extremely high.
Private sector labors unions continue to suffer losses in their membership while public sector and service unions grow.
All of this suggests that while citizens became more comfortable with President Bush after September 11 and thought him to have the requisite leadership skills, they continue to harbor doubts about his priorities, loyalties, interests, and policies.
Further-more, partisan attachments powerfully shape political perceptions, beliefs and values, and incumbents enjoy advantages well beyond the way in which their districts are configured.
Partisanship particularly increased after the 1994 elections and then the appearance of the first unified Republican government since the 1950s.
First, his job approval ratings have been trending down for many months, a trend that has accelerated in recent weeks as the war on terrorism has been supplanted in the public's mind by corporate scandals, stock market declines, and a growing sense of economic insecurity.
Incumbents are safe, but party majorities are not. This fosters symbolic votes, message politics and little serious legislating in Congress.
But presidential approval also became a surrogate measure of national unity and patriotism.
In addition to the decline in competition, American politics today is characterized by a growing ideological polarization between the two major political parties.
The public's evaluation of the job George W. Bush is doing as president changed dramatically as a result of the horrific attacks of September 11 and his response in leading the country on a campaign against terrorism.
Mandates are not objective realities but subjective interpretations of elections sold successfully by the winning candidate or party.
America is an outlier in the world of democracies when it comes to the structure and conduct of elections.
Votes in federal elections are cast and counted in a highly decentralized and variable fashion, with no uniform ballots and few national standards.
Responsibility for overseeing the implementation of election law typically resides with partisan officials, many with public stakes in the election outcome.
A healthy degree of party unity among Democrats and Republicans has deteriorated into bitter partisan warfare.
Congress requires states to draw single-member districts.
